Transparent model for anatomical study.



H. MURAYAMA.

TRANSPARENT MODEL FOR ANATOMICAL STUDY.

APPLICATION mm AUG. 1|. 1914.

1,141,480, Patented June 1, 1915.

HASHIME MURAYAMA, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.

TRANSPARENT MODEL FOR ANATOMICAL STUDY.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented J unel, 1915.

Application filed August 11, 1914. Serial No. 856,306.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, HASHIME MURAYAMA, a subject of the Emperor of Japan, residing in the city, county, and State of New York, have madea new and useful Invention in Transparent Models for Anatomical Study, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to transparent models for use in studying anatomical specimens,

- more fully hereinafter.

The invention consists substantially in the construction, combination, arrangement and location of parts all as will be more fully hereinafter set forth, as shown in the accompanying drawings, and finally pointed out in the appended claims.

Referring to the accompanying drawing, and to the various views and reference numerals appearing thereon,Figure 1 is aface view of a completed model embodying my invention. Fig. 2 is a transverse section of the same on the line 2, 2, Fig. 1, looking in the direction of the arrows, the superimposed plates being broken ofi. Fig. 3 is a view showing a portion of a plate. Fig. 4

is a diagram showing the method of sectioning an anatomical specimen to be studied.

In the study of anatomy it is common practice to make up specimens of particular parts to be studied by cutting such parts into minute sections in parallel planes minute distances apart, and to suitably move the individual sections upon a glass plate or other support for study under the microscope. By reason of the difficulty in securing such sections or specimens for study under a microscope, the availability there to students, classes or others, 13 very niuch prescribed. It has been proposed to reproduce the specimen sections of the character referred to in enlarged drawings on glass plates, each plate having a drawing of a section of the specimen taken at a different line or in a different plane from the others. As heretofore constructed, the work of producing such plates has been exceedingly tedious and expensive, requiring special artistic skill to produce drawings and days of time to complete the same for each plate, and by reason thereof they have not come into such general use as their value and importance demands.

It is among the special purposes of my present invention to provide a model composed of a number of transparent plates superposed upon each other, each having a photographically reproduced enlarged drawing of a section of specimen to be studied, adjacent drawings being of sections a definite distance apart, and which model is simple and efficient, and of such construction that it may be produced quickly and inexpensively in large quantities, thereby placing them easily within the reach and means of students, classes, or others desiring to use them in pursuing their anatomical studies.

While my invention is applicable to the study of any desired anatomical specimen, or any desired organ, or portion of the body, as well as of other objects, I will describe it, for illustrative purposes, as applied to the study of human brain specimens.

In order to construct a model embodying the principles of my invention, a specimen to be studied is selected and is sectioned and the sections mounted as above explained upon glass or other plates. Under ordinary circumstances I have found that-it is sufiicient to section or divide the specimen into say, 100 sections to the inch, and to employ each tenth or twentieth section in making up a model. The important thing being to insure that the enlargements of the drawing shall preserve the same ratio of conformation as the original organ. cell or portion, and consequently the particular serial sections employed may vary according to the requirements, so long as the proper serial relation throughout the entire object is preserved. Each individual specimen section thus selected is then projected. or the enlarged image thereof is projected by any suitable projecting apparatus onto a sheet of specially prepared paper and the outlines of the projected image of the sectioned specimen is then traced upon the paper in india ink or other material suitable for the production therefrom of a negative or-a the same degree of enlargement of all the sections of the specimen. From the enlarged drawings thus made I take, say, the first tenth, twentieth, and so on in ser1al order of the completed drawings, or it may be any other desired serial order thereof, and make from each a negative, negative print or plate. Each original section or specimen is then examined under a microscope, if neces sary, and the details thereof filled in on the outline drawing. distinctive colors being employed, if desired, to bring out in the draw-' ing the various tracts. ducts, or other desired characteristics or features of the specimen. From each negative I photographically reproduce the drawing thereon on glass or other transparent plates and on as manv plates as there are models to be made. The transparent lates should be carefully and s eciallv selected as to the quality and thickness thereof, in order to secure the best results in the completed models. 'Each plate is first treatedbv aonlving thereto. or to the surface thereof, a. solution of the following ingredients, and-in substantially the proportions stated, namely, calcium carbonate 100 parts, 95% alcohol 250 parts, ammOnla 250 parts, water 250 parts. solution may be applied to the surface of the plates in any suitable manner, such for instance. as bv rubbing the same over the surface of the plates. Afterthe application of the solution. as above pointed out, I next apply to the surface of the plate a solution of the following ingredients in about the proportions stated, namely iodin 1 part, 95% alcohol 250 parts."

To the surface of each plate, after being treated as above described, I next apply thereto a colloidal or sensitize-d coating or film. This coating or film may be applied in any suitable or convenient manner. The

important thing to be observed is that the coating or film be applied uniformly over the glass plate, that-is, the coating or film should be of uniform thickness. I have found that a coating or film composition made of fish glue or ordinary commercial Le Page glue, grams, the whites of two eggs, and water, 120 cubic centimeters, thoroughly mixed together, having 9 grams of ammonium bichromate dissolved therein, will well answer the purpose. After the application of the coating or film, as above explained, the plate is permitted to dry in any suitable or convenient manner, and the plate is then ready to be used in the reproduction of the enlarged drawing, that is, for the photographic reproduction thereon of the enlarged drawing, as above explained, from the negative plate produced as de scribed. The negative plate is superimposed on the sensitized plate and subjected to the action of the actinic light rays for the required length of time to accomplish the This desired'iesults. If direct sunlight is employed, Ihave found that in the latitude of .New York cit for instance, an exposure of from two-totwo minutes is sufficient. The time of exposure, however, will vary according to the latitude v as well as with the season of the year. Incase an artificial are or other source of artificial light is employed, the length of exposure .may be uniform.

As a result of the exposure of the negative plate upon the sensitized surface of the glass plate, a faint impression or image of the drawing becomes visible on the sensitized surface of the glass when the negative plate is removed. The glass plate isv then immerged in fresh water for a few minutes. This causes the image of the drawing to become fixed upon the surface of the plate, while the coating or film, or that portion thereof which was not affected by the actinic light rays, becomes considerably swollen. By slightly agitating the glass plate in the water, or by means of cotton.

wool, or a camel hair brush, that portion of the coating which was not affected by the actinic l ght rays, is removed from the surface of the plate. The plate is then dried in any convenient manner and the reproduced image of the enlarged section drawing appearing on the plate is tinted or colored, if desired, or as required, or as occasion may call for. This tinting or coloring operation is accomplished in the same man nor that the retouching of photographs is carried out. If permanency of color is desired, ,a proper mordant is employed. In this case it is preferable to employ coloring material the mordant of wh ch contains alum, chrome-alum, bichromate, or tannin, or like agents, which will exert a hardening influence on the image. By-thus reproducing the drawings on the sensitized plates by" manipulation of retouching ordinary photo negatives, and I also insure an absolute uniformity of the various plates produced from the negative plates without depending upon the individual skill of the artist to accomplish such reproduction as has been necessary in attempts to make models of this nature heretofore. This I regard as a most important feature of the product constituting my present invention.

name!) The glass plates having the enlargedmeproduced image of the anatomical specimen this serial relation to each other in any suitable manner and the model is completed and ready for use. The enlarged reproduced perspective outline of the entire organ to be;

studled in successive cross sections being resented to the eye by holding the model etween the observer and the light.

'W'here, as is usual with mostanatomical objects to be studied, as inthe case of the human brain for instance, the object is irregular in surface outline, in order to secure the proper successive or serial relation of the cross sectional drawings in the'completed model, it is necessary to properly adust and fix the position of each glass plate with reference to the negative plate so as to conform to the physical exterior contour of the object under investigation at the point where the sectional picture thereof is taken with reference to such contour at the points where other sections of the same are taken. To accomplish this the negative of the enlarged drawing of the first section of the specimen, which I will call drawing No. 1, is employed to photographically reproduce said drawing on a plate. This plate, which I will call plate No. 1, is now superimposed upon the drawing of the negative plate of the next section in order of the selected serial relation, and which I will call drawing No. 2. By means of a photograph of the organ itself and suitable surface measurements obtained therefrom the required displacement of the image upon plate No. 2 with reference to that of plate No. 1 to produce the required successive or serial relation of the images on plates No. 1 and No. 2 in the finished model is easily obtained, and the plate No. 1 so superimposed on drawing No. 2 is correspondingly adjusted with refer cc to said drawing No. 2. Since all the g ass plates are required to be of exactly the same dimensions the pro er relative position of adjustment of plate 0. 1 on drawing No. 2 is indicated on drawing No. 2 by angle marks at the four corners of said plate No. 1, which marks determine the exact position plate No. 2 should occupy with reference to drawing No. 2, when the image pictured on drawing No. 2 is to be transferred to plate No. 2 or to be photoaphi call reproduced thereon after the fitter has been treated and coated as above described. Similarly, plate No. 2"is adjusted on drawing No; 3- in order to ascertain and fix the proper position of plate No. 3 when the latter is applied to said drawing No. 3, and so on throughout the entire series.

In the accompanying drawing reference numeral 5 designates an anatomical s ecimen, such, for instance, as a portion 0 I the brain. vThis specimen is sliced transversely,

'atvarious points as indicatedby the lines A.B, C--D, Fig. 3. Ordinarily these slices are made in a definite predetermined distance apart, say, for example, 41/100 of an I inchv apart, and in' making up the model,

every tenth or other predetermined section is taken for photographic reproduction as aboveexplained.

.Reference numeral 6 designates a transparent plate, the surface of which is treated as above described. Each plate of the completed model carries an enlarged photo.-

graphically reproduced drawing of one of the sections' In other words, an enlarged drawing is made from each predetermined serial section of the specimen and a negative plate is produced from each enlarged drawing, and then from the negative plate pictorial reproductions of the enlarged drawing are made upon the sensitized surface of transparent plates. The completed model is built up from these plates arranged in serial order, and it 'ves a skeleton outline of the entire body of the specimen to be studied.

From the foregoing description it will be seen that I provide an exceedingly simple and inexpensive transparent model for use in the study of anatomical subjects which brings such models within the easy reach and means of students or other investigators,

and that each model is made up of successive or serial outlines or sections of the specimen photographically reproduced on transparent plates which are assembled together in corresponding serial order thereby presenting to the eye the entire skeleton outline of the body of the organ to be studied. By reason of the various sections of the specimen being photographed or otherwise reproduced in drawings and then photographically reproduced upon the glass plate I am enabled to avoid the necessity of relying for accuracy in the reproductions upon the skill of individual artists in making such reproductions. At the same time I am enabled to reproduce the enlarged drawings or sections of the specimens upon transparsame forms the subject matter of my pending application for patent, Serial No. 795,811, filed October 17, 1913. But

Having now set forth the object and nature of my invention and a construction embodying the principles thereof, what I claim as new and useful and of m own invention, and desire to secure by etters Patent, is,

1. A transparent model for use in studying anatomical specimens comprising transparent plates each having reproduced thereon photographically an enlarged drawing of a transverse section of the anatomical specimen, said plates being assembled in serial order and each containing a photographically re roduced drawing of a corresponding di erent serially separated section of the specimen. I

2. A transparent model for use in studying anatomical specimens comprising a series of transparent plates superimposed the one upon the other and each containing a photographically reproduced enlarged drawing of a transverse section of the specimen to be studied.

3. A transparent model for use in studying anatomical specimens comprising a series of transparent plates superimposed the one upon the other each contaimng a photographically reproduced enlarged drawing of a transverse section of a specimen to be studied, the reproduced drawing of the section of one plate being of a section taken at a different point from that of the next succeeding plate in regular serialorder.

4. A transparent model for use in studying anatomical specimens comprising a series of transparent plates superimposed upon each other, each plate containing the picture of a different section of the specimen, said plates being assembled in successive predetermined serial relation corresponding to the relatively displaced sections.

5. A transparent model for use in studying anatomical specimens comprising a series of transparent plates each plate containing a picture of a section ofthe specimen, said sections being at points a uniform distance apart serially, and said plates assembled fiatwise upon each other in corresponding serial relation.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand in the presence of the subscribing witnesses, on this 17th day of July, A. D.,

, HASHIME MURAYAMA. Witnesses:

W. C. DARBY, S. E. DARBY, Jr. 

